Process for the manufacturing of medicaments

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula VIIIa and salts forms of VIIIa where R c  is an aryl sulfonic acid

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/285,781, filed Apr. 8, 2015 and claims priority to PCT internationalapplication no. PCT/CN2015/076083, filed Apr. 8, 2015, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to PCT international application no.PCT/CN2014/075011, filed Apr. 9, 2014, which applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The processes involved in tumor growth progression and metastasis aremediated by signaling pathways that are activated in cancer cells. TheERK pathway plays a central role in regulating mammalian cell growth byrelaying extracellular signals from ligand-bound cell surface receptortyrosine kinase (“RTK's”), such as ErbB family, PDGF, FGF, and VEGFreceptor tyrosine kinases. Activation of an RTK induces a cascade ofphosphorylation events that begins with activation of Ras. Activation ofRas leads to the recruitment and activation of Raf, a serine-threoninekinase. Activated Raf then phosphorylates and activates MEK1/2, whichthen phosphorylates and activates ERK1/2. When activated, ERK1/2phosphorylates several downstream targets involved in a multitude ofcellular events, including cytoskeletal changes and transcriptionalactivation. The ERK/MAPK pathway is one of the most important for cellproliferation, and it is believed that the ERK/MAPK pathway isfrequently activated in many tumors. Ras genes, which are upstream ofERK1/2, are mutated in several cancers, including colorectal, melanoma,breast and pancreatic tumors. The high Ras activity is accompanied byelevated ERK activity in many human tumors. In addition, mutations ofBRAF, a serine-threonine kinase of the Raf family, are associated withincreased kinase activity. Mutations in BRAF have been identified inmelanomas (60%), thyroid cancers (greater than 40%) and colorectalcancers. These observations indicate that the ERK1/2 signaling pathwayis an attractive pathway for anti-cancer therapies in a broad spectrumof human tumors (M. Hohno and J. Pouyssegur, Prog. in Cell Cycle Res.2003 5:219).

The ERK pathway has also been cited as a promising therapeutic targetfor the treatment of pain and inflammation (Ma, Weiya and Remi, Quirion.“The ERK/MAPK Pathway, as a Target For The Treatment Of NeuropathicPain” Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 2005 9(4):699-713, and Sommer, Claudiaand Frank Birklein “Resolvins and Inflammatory Pain” F1000 MedicineReports 2011 3:19).

Therefore, small-molecular inhibitors of ERK activity (i.e., ERK1 and/orERK2 activity) would be useful for treating a broad spectrum of cancers,such as, for example, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer,colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer, aswell as a treatment for pain and inflammation, such as arthritis, lowback pain, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatism. The presentinvention provides a process and intermediates for making(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and crystalline forms of thesalts. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the salts or crystalline forms of the salts, and methods ofusing the salts and crystalline forms of the salts. A synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-oneis set forth in WO 2013/130976.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides processes for the manufacture of I whichis a useful intermediate that can be used in the manufacture VIII.(WO2013/130976) Compound VIII is an ERK inhibitor and a usefulmedicament for treating hyperproliferative disorders. The processprovides an efficient route to VIII and to the useful intermediates VIand VII. Alkylation of VII with VI affords I, which ultimately iscondensed with 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (XIV). (SCHEME A)

The present invention further provides an asymmetric enzymatic reductionwhich permits the stereospecific reduction of1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethanone to afford(R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethan-1,2-diol (IV).

The present invention also provides an improved process to prepare4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (VII).

The present invention provides a crystalline besylate salt (VIIIb) withdesirable physical properties that permit ready formulation and goodbioavailability.

In embodiment 1, the present invention provides processes for thepreparation of a compound of formula VIII, the processes comprising thesteps of:

-   -   (a) contacting 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene with a        metallating agent in an aprotic organic solvent to afford an        organomagnesium compound, which is reacted with        2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide to afford        2-chloro-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (II);

-   -   (b) contacting II with sodium formate and formic acid in aqueous        ethanol to afford 1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethanone        (III)

-   -   (c) contacting III with a ketoreductase to afford        (R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (IV);

-   -   (d) contacting IV with a silyl chloride (R^(a))₃SiCl and at        least one base in a non-polar aprotic solvent to afford (V), and        subsequently adding sulfonylchloride R^(b)S(O)₂Cl to afford VI,        wherein R^(a) is independently in each occurrence C₁₋₆ alkyl or        phenyl and R^(b) is selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl,        optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected        from C₁₋₃ alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, or C₁₋₃ alkoxy;

-   -   (e) contacting        4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (VII) with        a strong base in an organic solvent and subsequently adding VI        to afford XI;

-   -   (f) treating XI with an oxidizing agent to afford I;

-   -   (g) treating 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine with a strong base in        an aprotic solvent at reduced temperature and adding the        compound of formula I to afford IX; and,

-   -   (h) contacting IX with a de-silylating agent to afford VIII.

In embodiment 2, the present invention provides processes according toembodiment 1 wherein the ketoreductase in step (c) affords anenantiomeric excess at least about 98%.

In embodiment 3, the present invention provides processes of embodiment2 wherein the ketoreductase in step (c) is KRED-NADH-112.

In embodiment 4, the present invention provides processes of embodiment2 wherein step (c) further comprises NADH or NADPH as a cofactor.

In embodiment 5, the present invention provides processes of embodiment4 wherein the cofactor is regenerated with a cosubstrate selected from asecondary alcohol or from an additional enzyme selected from alcoholdehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, formatted dehydrogenase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphite dehydrogenase orhydrogenase.

In embodiment 6, the present invention provides processes of any ofembodiment 2 to 5 wherein the ketoreductase step is performed in anaqueous medium in the presence of organic cosolvent at a temperaturebetween 1 and 50° C.

In embodiment 7, the present invention provides processes of embodiment6 wherein the ketoreductase step produces a homogeneous suspension.

In embodiment 8, the present invention provides processes of embodiment1 wherein the silyl chloride is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, thesulfonyl chloride is methanesulfonyl chloride, the bases in step (d) areDMAP and TEA and the non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM and in step (e)the organic solvent is dioxane.

In embodiment 9, the present invention provides processes of embodiment1 wherein (R^(a))₃Si is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, and instep (e) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and theorganic solvent is diglyme.

In embodiment 10, the present invention provides processes of embodiment1 wherein in step (a) the metallating agent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl and thesolvent is THF, in step (c) the ketoreductase is KRED-NADH-112 and step(c) further comprises the cofactor NAD and the cofactor recycling agentglucose dehydrogenase, in step (d) (R^(a))₃Si istert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, the bases are DMAP and TEA andthe non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM, and in step (c) the strong base ispotassium hexamethyldisilazane and the organic solvent is diglyme.

In embodiment 11, the present invention provides processes of embodiment1 wherein in step (a) the metallating agent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl and thesolvent is THF, in step (c) the ketoreductase is KRED-NADH-112 and step(c) further comprises the cofactor NAD and the cofactor recycling agentis glucose dehydrogenase, in step (d) (R^(a))₃Si istert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, the bases are DMAP and TEA andthe non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM, in step (e) the strong base ispotassium hexamethyldisilazane and the organic solvent is diglyme, andin step (g) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and theaprotic solvent is THF.

In embodiment 12, the present invention provides processes of embodiment1 wherein in step (a) the metallating agent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl and thesolvent is THF, in step (c) the ketoreductase is KRED-NADH-112 and step(c) further comprises the cofactor NAD and cofactor recycling agent isglucose dehydrogenase, in step (d) (R^(a))₃Si istert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, the bases are DMAP and TEA andthe non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM, in step (e) the strong base ispotassium hexamethyldisilazane and the organic solvent is diglyme, instep (g) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and theaprotic solvent is THF, and in step (h) the desilylating agent ismethanolic HCl.

In embodiment 13, the present invention provides processes according toembodiment 1 wherein the compound VIII from step h is contacted with asulfonic acid in an organic solvent and water to afford a salt of VIIIawhere W is an aryl sulfonic acid

In embodiment 14, the present invention provides processes according toembodiment 13 wherein R^(c)SO₃H is benzenesulfonic acid and the solventis methyl ethyl ketone and water to afford the besylate salt VIIIb.

In embodiment 15, the present invention provides processes for thepreparation of 4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(VII) comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting 2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine with a metallating agent        in an aprotic organic solvent to afford an organomagnesium        compound, which is reacted with 4-chloro-2(methylthio)pyrimidine        in the presence of a palladium catalyst to afford        4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine (X);    -   (b) treating X with potassium tert-butoxide in THF and        subsequently with an aqueous acid to afford        4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (VII).

In embodiment 16, the present invention provides processes according toembodiment 15 wherein the palladium catalyst is(1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene)(3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II)dichloride, the metallating agent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl, and the aproticsolvent is THF.

In embodiment 17, the present invention provides the compound(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate.

In embodiment 18, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 19, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate.

In embodiment 20, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks at 6.16±0.2, 7.46±0.2, 16.36±0.2, 25.76±0.2 and 25.98±0.2 2θ

In embodiment 21, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 1.

In embodiment 22, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an ¹³C NMR pattern substantially as shown inFIG. 19.

In embodiment 23, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an ¹⁹F NMR pattern substantially as shown inFIG. 20.

In embodiment 24, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an ¹³C NMR pattern substantially as shown inFIG. 19 and a ¹⁹F NMR pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 20.

In embodiment 25, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an ¹⁹F NMR pattern comprising peaks at−111.1±0.4 ppm and −115.4±0.4 ppm relative to CFCl₃ (at 293 K).

In embodiment 26, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an ¹³C NMR pattern comprising peaks at 157.7±0.2ppm, 129.6±0.2 ppm, 125.8±0.2 ppm, and 117.0±0.2 ppm relative totetramethylsilane (at 293 K).

In embodiment 27, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having a DSC pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 2.

In embodiment 28, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate in accordance with any one of embodiments 19 to 27 anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 29, the present invention provides the compound(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid.

In embodiment 30, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 31, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid.

In embodiment 32, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form A.

In embodiment 33, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form A having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising peaks at. 5.76±0.2, 13.44±0.2, 15.64±0.2, 19.40±0.2 2θ.

In embodiment 34, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form A having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 12.

In embodiment 35, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form A having a DSC pattern substantially asshown in FIG. 13.

In embodiment 36, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form A in accordance with any one of embodiments31 to 35 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 37, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form B.

In embodiment 38, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form B. having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks at 7.02±0.2, 16.30±0.2, 17.30±0.2, 21.86±0.22θ.

In embodiment 39, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form B having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 15.

In embodiment 40, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form B having a DSC pattern substantially asshown in FIG. 16.

In embodiment 41, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onep-toluenesulfonic acid Form B in accordance with any one of embodiments37 to 40 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 42, the present invention provides the compound(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid.

In embodiment 43, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 44, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid.

In embodiment 45, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I.

In embodiment 46, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks at 12.50±0.2, 13.86±0.2 2θ.

In embodiment 47, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern substantially as shown in FIG. 6.

In embodiment 48, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I having a DSC pattern substantially asshown in FIG. 7.

In embodiment 49, the present invention provide pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I in accordance with any one ofembodiments 44 to 48 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 50, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II.

In embodiment 51, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks at 12.80±0.2, 22.42±0.2, 24.92±0.2 2θ.

In embodiment 52, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern substantially as shown in FIG. 8.

In embodiment 53, the present invention provides crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II having a DSC pattern substantially asshown in FIG. 9.

In embodiment 54, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onenaphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II in accordance with any one ofembodiments 50 to 53 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiment 55, the present invention provides amorphous(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate.

In embodiment 56, the present invention provides amorphous(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 21.

In embodiment 57, the present invention provides amorphous(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate having a DSC pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 22.

In embodiment 58, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising amorphous(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate in accordance with any one of embodiments 55 to 57 anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII crystalline besylate form A.

FIG. 2 shows the DSC and TGA analysis of VIII crystalline besylate formA.

FIG. 3 shows the single crystal structure analysis of VIII crystallinebesylate form A.

FIG. 4 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII free base.

FIG. 5 shows the DSC analysis of VIII free base.

FIG. 6 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII naphthalenedisulfonic acid form I.

FIG. 7 shows the DSC analysis of VIII naphthalenedisulfonic acid form I.

FIG. 8 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII naphthalenedisulfonic acid form IIwith a small amount of form I.

FIG. 9 shows the DSC analysis of VIII naphthalenedisulfonic acid formII.

FIG. 10 shows the DVS pattern of VIII naphthalenedisulfonic acid form I.

FIG. 11 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII toluenesulfonic acid IPA solvate.

FIG. 12 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII toluenesulfonic acid form A.

FIG. 13 shows the DSC analysis of VIII toluenesulfonic acid form A.

FIG. 14 shows the DVS pattern of VIII toluenesulfonic acid form A.

FIG. 15 shows the XRPD pattern of a mixture of VIII toluenesulfonic acidamorphous and form B.

FIG. 16 shows the DSC analysis of a mixture of VIII toluenesulfonic acidamorphous and form B.

FIG. 17 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII toluenesulfonic acid amorphous.

FIG. 18 shows the DVS analysis of VIII besylate salt, form A.

FIG. 19 shows the ¹³C solid state NMR pattern of VIII crystallinebesylate form A.

FIG. 20 shows the ¹⁹F solid state NMR pattern of VIII crystallinebesylate form A.

FIG. 21 shows the XRPD pattern of VIII besylate amorphous.

FIG. 22 shows the DSC analysis of VIII besylate amorphous.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingstructures and formulas. While the invention will be described inconjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood thatthey are not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. Theinvention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, andequivalents that may be included within the scope of the presentinvention. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which couldbe used in the practice of the present invention. The present inventionis in no way limited to the methods and materials described. In theevent that one or more of the incorporated literature, patents, andsimilar materials differs from or contradicts this application,including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, describedtechniques, or the like, this application controls.

As used in this specification, whether in a transitional phrase or inthe body of the claim, the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are tobe interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms areto be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or“including at least”. When used in the context of a process, the term“comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps,but may include additional steps. When used in the context of a compoundor composition, the term “comprising” means that the compound orcomposition includes at least the recited features or components, butmay also include additional features or components. Additionally, thewords “include,” “including,” and “includes” when used in thisspecification and in the following claims are intended to specify thepresence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they donot preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, components, steps, or groups thereof.

The term “about” when used in conjunction with hours, denotes±5 hours.The term “about” when used in conjunction with temperatures denotes±5Celsius degrees. The term “about” when used in conjunction withpercentages or other values, denotes±10%.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “isomer” refers to compounds with the same formula, but adifferent arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

The term “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identicalchemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of theatoms or groups in space.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers ofchirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g., melting points,boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures ofdiastereomers may be separated under high resolution analyticalprocedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.

The term “enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound whichare non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally followS. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S.,“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1994. The compounds described herein may contain asymmetric orchiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms.Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they havethe ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describingan optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are usedto denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiralcenter(s). The prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (−) are employed to designatethe sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−)or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with(+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, thesestereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of oneanother. A specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as anenantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called anenantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as aracemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been nostereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixtureof two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.

The present process as described herein also can be used to prepareisotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention which areidentical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or moreatoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass numberdifferent from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.All isotopes of any particular atom or element as specified arecontemplated within the scope of the compounds of the invention andtheir uses. Exemplary isotopes that can be incorporated into compoundsof the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C,¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ¹²³I or¹²⁵I. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention(e.g., those labeled with ³H and ¹⁴C) are useful in compound and/orsubstrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (³H) and carbon-14 (¹⁴C)isotopes are useful for their ease of preparation and detectability.Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., ²H)may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greatermetabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Positronemitting isotopes such as ¹⁵O, ¹³N, ¹¹C and ¹⁸F are useful for positronemission tomography (PET) studies to examine substrate receptoroccupancy. Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention cangenerally be prepared by following procedures analogous to thosedisclosed in the Examples herein below, by substituting an isotopicallylabeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers ofdifferent energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers)include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enoland imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers includeinterconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.

The term “aprotic (or nonpolar) solvent means organic solvents such asdiethyl ether, ligroin, pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane,chloroform, benzene, toluene, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethaneor ethyl acetate.

The term “polar aprotic solvent” refers to organic solvents such asformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidoneor hexamthylphosphoramide.

The term “polar protic solvent” refers to organic solvents such as loweralkanols, formic acid or acetic acid.

The term “ethereal solvent” refers to solvents such as tetrahydofuran,dimethoxyethane, dioxane, or dialkyl ethers such as diethyl ether andmethyl tertbutyl ether.

The term “derivative” of a compound as used herein means a compoundobtainable from the original compound by a simple chemical process.

The term “protecting group” as used herein refers to a chemical groupthat (a) preserves a reactive group from participating in an undesirablechemical reaction; and (b) can be easily removed after protection of thereactive group is no longer required. For example, the benzyl group is aprotecting group for a primary hydroxyl function.

The term “hydroxyl protecting group” or “alcohol protecting group” meansa protecting group that preserves a hydroxy group that otherwise wouldbe modified by certain chemical reactions. A hydroxyl protecting groupcan be an ether, an ester, or silane that can be removed easily aftercompletion of all other reaction steps, such as a lower acyl group(e.g., the acetyl or propionyl group or a dimethyl-t-butylsilyl group),or an aralkyl group (e.g., the benzyl group, optionally substituted atthe phenyl ring). The term “silyl chloride” as used herein refers to(R^(a))₃SiCl wherein R^(a) is independently in each occurrence C₁₋₆alkyl or phenyl.

The term “deprotecting reagent” as used herein refers to reagentscontacted with a protected chemical moiety to remove the protectinggroups. Reagents and protocols for deprotection are well known and canbe found in Greene and Wuts or in Harrison and Harrison (infra). Oneskilled in the chemical arts will appreciate that on occasion protocolsmust be optimized for a particular molecule and such optimization iswell with the ability of one skilled in these arts.

The term “optional” or “optionally” as used herein means that thesubsequently described event or circumstance may but need not occur, andthat the description includes instances where the event or circumstanceoccurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “aryl groupoptionally mono- or di-substituted with an alkyl group” means that thealkyl may but need not be present, and the description includessituations where the aryl group is mono- or disubstituted with an alkylgroup and situations where the aryl group is not substituted with thealkyl group.

As used herein, the term “treating,” “contacting” or “reacting” whenreferring to a chemical reaction means to add or mix two or morereagents under appropriate conditions to produce the indicated and/orthe desired product. It should be appreciated that the reaction whichproduces the indicated and/or the desired product may not necessarilyresult directly from the combination of two reagents that were initiallyadded, i.e., there may be one or more intermediates which are producedin the mixture which ultimately leads to the formation of the indicatedand/or the desired product.

The term “leaving group” has the meaning conventionally associated withit in synthetic organic chemistry, i.e., an atom or a group capable ofbeing displaced by a nucleophile and includes halo (such as chloro,bromo, and iodo), alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy(e.g., acetoxy), arylcarbonyloxy, mesyloxy, tosyloxy,trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, aryloxy (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenoxy),methoxy, N,O-dimethylhydroxylamino, and the like. The term “sulfonylchloride” refers to a compound R^(b)S(O)₂Cl wherein R^(b) is selectedfrom C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groupsindependently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, C₁₋₃alkoxy.

A Wittig reagent can be used to form an alkene from an aldehyde. TheWittig reagent is usually prepared from a phosphonium salt, which is inturn made by the reaction of triphenylphosphine with an alkyl halide. Toform the Wittig reagent (ylide), the phosphonium salt is suspended in asolvent such as diethyl ether or THF and treated with a strong base suchas phenyllithium or n-butyllithium.

The Sharpless dihydroxylation or bishydroxylation is used in theenantioselective preparation of 1,2-diols from prochiral olefins. Thisprocedure is performed with an osmium catalyst and a stoichiometricoxidant [e.g. K₃Fe(CN)₆ or N-methylmorpholine oxide (NMO)]; it iscarried out in a buffered solution to ensure a stable pH, since thereaction proceeds more rapidly under slightly basic conditions.Enantioselectivity is achieved through the addition ofenantiomerically-enriched chiral ligands [(DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQ)₂PHAL ortheir derivatives]. These reagents are also available as stable,prepackaged mixtures (AD-mix α and AD-mix β, AD=asymmetricdihydroxylation) for either enantiopreference.

The present procedures can use the Karl Fischer method for determiningtrace amounts of water in a sample. This method can be abbreviated “KF.”

In the methods of preparing compounds described herein, it may beadvantageous to separate reaction products from one another and/or fromstarting materials. The desired products of each step or series of stepsis separated and/or purified (hereinafter separated) to the desireddegree of homogeneity by techniques common in the art. Typically, suchseparations involve multiphase extraction, crystallization from asolvent or solvent mixture, distillation, sublimation, orchromatography. Chromatography can involve any number of methodsincluding, for example: reverse-phase and normal phase; size exclusion;ion exchange; high, medium and low pressure liquid chromatographymethods and apparatus; small scale analytical; simulated moving bed(SMB) and preparative thin or thick layer chromatography, as well astechniques of small scale thin layer and flash chromatography.

Another class of separation methods involves treatment of a mixture witha reagent selected to bind to or render otherwise separable a desiredproduct, unreacted starting material, reaction by product, or the like.Such reagents include adsorbents or absorbents such as activated carbon,molecular sieves, ion exchange media, or the like. Alternatively, thereagents can be acids in the case of a basic material, bases in the caseof an acidic material, binding reagents such as antibodies, bindingproteins, selective chelators such as crown ethers, liquid/liquid ionextraction reagents (LIX), or the like.

Selection of appropriate methods of separation depends on the nature ofthe materials involved. For example, boiling point and molecular weightin distillation and sublimation, presence or absence of polar functionalgroups in chromatography, stability of materials in acidic and basicmedia in multiphase extraction, and the like. One skilled in the artwill apply techniques most likely to achieve the desired separation.

The present invention provides a process for the preparationof(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(VIII) which has the structure

and is a potent inhibitor of ERK kinase and useful as a medicament forthe treatment of cancer or other hyperproliferative disorders.Condensation of I and 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (XIV) in the presenceof strong base affords the IX, which is readily converted to VIII bycontacting the silyl ether with aqueous acid. The amorphous free baseobtained can be converted to a crystalline arylsulfonic acid salt. Theterm “arylsulfonic acid” as used herein refers to a benzene sulfonicacid or a naphthalene mono- or disulfonic acid in which the aryl ring isoptionally substituted with methyl or halogen.

The present invention further provides a process for the manufacture ofintermediate I by first treating4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (VII) with strong baseand alkylating the resulting compound with(R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethylmethanesulfonate (VI).

N-Alkylation of amides can be carried out under a variety of basicconditions well known to someone skilled in the art. The reaction istypically carried out in aprotic solvents such as THF, DMF, DMSO, NMP ormixtures thereof at temperatures between −78° C. and 100° C. Typicallyused bases are Grignard reagents, sodium hydride, potassium hydride,sodium methoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, lithium hexamethyldisilazide,sodium hexamethyldisilazide, or potassium hexamethyldisilazide. TreatingVII with potassium hexamethyldisilazide in diglyme at RT allow formationof the lithium salt of VII after which the mesylate VI was introducedand the reaction heated at 90° for 4 h.

Oxidation of a thioether to a sulfoxide or sulfone is typically facileand numerous reagents are known that are capable of carrying out thistransformation. Sulfur oxidations are commonly carried out with aqueoussolution of hydrogen peroxide, NaIO₄, tert-butylhypochlorite, acylnitrites, sodium perborate potassium hydrogen persulfate or peracidssuch as peracetic acid and meta-chloroperbenzoic acid. Typically withabout one equivalent of oxidant the sulfoxide can be isolated. Exposureto two or more equivalents results in oxidation to the sulfone.Oxidation of XI with MCPBA in MTBE at ambient temperature affords I.

The mesylate VI was prepared in five steps starting from1-bromo-4-chloro-3-fluorobenzene, which was converted to the Grignardreagent and contacted with 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide toafford the ketone II. Condensation of organolithium and organomagnesiumcompounds with N,O-dimethylhydroxyamides affords the correspondingketones. (S. Nahm and D. M. Weinreb, S. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22,3815) The Grignard reagent was formed by treating1-bromo-4-chloro-3-fluorobenzene with isopropyl magnesium chloride inthe presence of LiCl. The addition of salts is thought to increasereactivity of the Grignard reagents by promoting the breakup ofpolymeric aggregates known to exist in classical solutions of Grignardreagents. (A. Krasovskiy and P. Knochel, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.200443:3333). After the Grignard reaction was quenched with 1N HCl, theorganic phase washed with water and concentrated. Sodium formate, formicacid ethanol and water were added and the mixture heated at 80-90° C. toafford the α-hydroxy ketone III.

Enzyme-catalyzed reduction of ketones frequently proceeds with highstereoselectivity, usually in the presence of NADH or NADPH as cofactorwhich is regenerated in situ. (J. C. Moore et al., Acc. Chem. Res, 200740(12):1412-19) Preferred microbial oxidoreductase enzymes found inyeasts, bacteria or from mammalian cells and theoxidoreductase can beapplied in the form of the isolated enzyme(s) or whole cells, optionallyin immobilized form by one of the numerous conventional methodsdescribed in literature.

The oxidized cofactor is as a rule continuously regenerated with asecondary alcohol as cosubstrate. Typical cosubstrates can be selectedfrom 2-propanol, 2-butanol, pentan-1,4-diol, 2-pentanol,4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-heptanol, hexan-1,5-diol, 2-heptanol or2-octanol, preferably 2-propanol. Preferably, the cofactor isregenerated by means of the cosubstrate at the same enzyme alsocatalyzing the target reaction. The acetone formed when 2-propanol isused as cosubstrate is in a further preferred embodiment continuouslyremoved from the reaction mixture.

The cofactor can be regenerated by incorporating an additional enzymeoxidizing its natural substrate and providing the reduced cofactor. Forexample, secondary alcohol dehydrogenase/alcohol, glucosedehydrogenase/glucose, formate dehydrogenase/formic acid,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glucose-6-phosphate, phosphitedehydrogenase/phosphite or hydrogenase/molecular hydrogen and the like.In addition electrochemical regeneration methods are known as well aschemical cofactor regeneration methods comprising a metal catalyst and areducing agent are suitable. The preferred catalyst/cofactor/cosubstratesystems may vary with different ketones.

The enzymatic reduction is performed in an aqueous medium in thepresence of an organic cosolvent which can be selected, for example,from glycerol, 2-propanol, diethylether, tert-butylmethylether,diisopropylether, dibutylether, ethylacetate, butylacetate, heptane,hexane or cyclohexene or mixtures thereof. The presence of an organiccosolvent is particularly advantageous as a homogenous suspension can beformed which allows simple separation of the desired alcohol of formulaIV. The reaction temperature for enzymatic reductions is usually kept ina range between 1° C. and 50° C., preferably between 20° C. and 40° C.

The reaction concentration (i.e., the concentration of ketone andcorresponding alcohol) is typically maintained at 1% to 25%, preferablebetween 10 and 20%.

In a particular embodiment of the present process the asymmetricreduction of III was catalysed by KRED-NADH-112 (Codexis Inc., RedwoodCity, Calif., USA) in the presence of the oxidized cofactor NAD, therecycling enzyme GDH-105 (Codexis Inc., Redwood City, Calif., USA) andthe final reductant glucose affording(R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol in 99.5% enantiomericexcess in a quantitative chemical conversion.

The final steps include the selective protection of the primary alcoholwith tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)and triethylamine (TEA) in DCM and subsequent formation of themethansulfonate ester with methansulfonyl chloride DMAP and TEA in DCM,which may be carried out sequentially in a single reaction vessel toafford(R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethylmethanesulfonate (VI).

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the process can beadvantageously applied other substituted bromobenzene derivatives.

4-(2-(Methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (VII) was prepared bypalladium-catalyzed coupling of 4-chloro-2-thiomethylpyrimidine (XIII)and 2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (XII). The Grignard reagent was prepared bytransmetallation with i-PrMgCl in the presence of LiCl (Krasovskiy,supra) and treating the resulting heteroaryl Grignard with XIII in thepresence of PEPPSI (i-Pr)([1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)palladium(II)dichloride, CASRN 905459-27-0). Reaction of X with potassiumtert-butoxide afforded4-(2-(tert-butoxy)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine, which wastreated with H₂SO₄ to remove the tert-butyl group and afford VII.

The sequence of steps can be modified without departing from theinvention as disclosed herein. In a variation, a 2,4-disubstitutedpyrimidine derivative, such as 2,4-dichloro-pyrimidine or4-chloro-2-methylthiopyrimidine, is coupled with2-fluoropyridin-4-ylboronic acid (Pd(dppf)Cl₂, K₃PO4, dioxane) to afford2-chloro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)pyrimidine, which is condensed with1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (LiHMDS, THF) and hydrolyzed to afford4-(2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onewhich can be alkylated as described previously using two equivalents ofbase.

Commonly used abbreviations which may appear include: acetyl (Ac),aqueous (aq.), atmospheres (Atm), tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc),di-tert-butyl pyrocarbonate or boc anhydride (BOC₂O), benzyl (Bn),benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris-(dimethylamino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate(BOP), butyl (Bu), benzoyl (Bz), Chemical Abstracts Registration Number(CASRN), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ or Z), carbonyl diimidazole (CDI),dibenzylideneacetone (DBA), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane (DCM), diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD), di-iso-propylazodicarboxylate (DIAD),di-iso-butylaluminumhydride (DIBAL or DIBAL-H), di-iso-propylethylamine(DIPEA), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMA), 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine(DMAP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe),1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf),1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI),ethyl (Et), diethyl ether (Et₂O), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH),2-ethoxy-2H-quinoline-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (EEDQ), diethylether (Et₂O), O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N, N,N′N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate acetic acid (HATU),O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosp(HBTU), acetic acid (HOAc), 1-N-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), iso-propanol (IPA), lithiumhexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), methanol(MeOH), melting point (mp), MeSO₂-(mesyl or Ms), methyl (Me),acetonitrile (MeCN), m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), mass spectrum(ms), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), N-methylmorpholine (NMM),N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), petroleumether (pet ether, i.e. hydrocarbons),)phenyl (Ph), propyl (Pr),iso-propyl (i-Pr), pounds per square inch (psi),bromo-tris-pyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP), pyridine(pyr), room temperature (rt or RT), satd. (saturated), tert-butymethylether (TBME), tert-butyldimethylsilyl or t-BuMe₂Si (TBDMS or TBS),triethylamine (TEA or Et₃N), triflate or CF₃SO₂-(Tf), trifluoroaceticacid (TFA), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate (TBTU), thin layer chromatography (TLC),tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA),trimethylsilyl or Me₃Si (TMS), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM),p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (TsOH or pTsOH), 4-Me-C₆H₄SO₂— ortosyl (Ts), N-urethane-N-carboxyanhydride (UNCA),4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xantphos),extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), tetrahydrofuran (THF),hour(s) (h), metachloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA or mCPBA), nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), phenyl (Ph), methyl (Me), ethyl(Et), tert-butyl (t-Bu), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl), mesyl(Ms), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), gas chromatography (GC), methylethyl ketone(MEK), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), X-ray powderdiffraction (XRPD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), glass transitiontemperature (TG), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Conventionalnomenclature including the prefixes normal (n), iso (i-), secondary(sec-), tertiary (tert- or -t) and neo- have their customary meaningwhen used with an alkyl moiety. (J. Rigaudy and D. P. Klesney,Nomenclature in Organic Chemistry, IUPAC 1979 Pergamon Press, Oxford).

In order to illustrate the invention, the following examples areincluded. However, it is to be understood that these examples do notlimit the invention and are only meant to suggest a method of practicingthe invention. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that thechemical procedures described herein may be adapted to suit availableequipment and circumstances. Additionally, reagents such as theselection of leaving groups, activating groups, protecting groups andreagents, such as strong bases and palladium catalysts may be alteredwithout deviating from the disclosed invention.

The original synthetic process involves an eight step linear synthesis(10 steps overall) from three commercially available materials,4-chloro-3-fluorobenzaldehyde 1, 4-chloro-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine XIIIand (2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)boronic acid 6-2 (Scheme 1). Wittig reactionof 1 produced olefin intermediate 2 in 55% yield. Asymmetric Sharplessdihydroxylation of styrene followed by a selective mono-protection ofdiol IV with TBSCl afforded intermediate V in 55% yield over two steps.One of the intermediates VI was obtained through a mesylation ofsecondary alcohol. On the other hand, pyridone intermediate VII wassynthesized through a Suzuki cross coupling between XIII and 6-2,followed by a hydrolysis with aqueous HCl solution. A purification ofVII by a Soxhlet extraction with EtOAc over 3 days was required toensure a good purity of 6 and a reasonable conversion in the subsequentreaction. Sn2 displacement of VI and VII was able to afford intermediateXI in 50% yield over 2 steps from intermediate V. An oxidation withm-CPBA afforded sulfone intermediate I that underwent a SnArdisplacement with commercially available aminopyrazole,2-methylpyrazole-3-amine, to generate intermediate IX in 60% yield.Finally an acid promoted TBS deprotection afforded free base VIII in 85%yield. The chemistry of this route suffered from low yields in severalindividual steps. A lot of tedious purifications such as distillation,flash chromatography and Soxhlet extraction were needed due to fairlycomplicate reaction profiles. Use of less desireable solvents andreagents such as dichloromethane, sodium hydride and osmium oxide alsodetered the chemistry from being scaled up.

An improved route to synthesize I was identified. Hydroxyl ketoneintermediate III was obtained in 72% yield over two steps. Grignardexchange of commercially available arene 3-1 and subsequent nucleophilicaddition to Weinreb amide generated intermediate II that was thenhydrolyzed to give III. An enzymatic asymmetric ketone reductionafforded the same diol intermediate IV with high yield and highenantioselectivity. The same processes of selective TBS protection andmesylation were used to produce intermediate VI. The synthesis ofpyridone VII was improved. Kumada coupling catalyzed by PEPPSI-IPr wasused to generate intermediate X in a higher yield and better purityprofile. A two-step sequence of hydrolysis was applied to avoidformation of corrosive HF during the original process. A displacement offluoride with t-BuOK in THF followed removal of tert-butyl group underacidic condition afforded pyridone intermediate VII in 80% yield. Sn2displacement was improved by using different base and solvent comparedto the original route. Intermediate XI was oxidized under the sameconditions to give I.

Example 12-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethylmethanesulfonate

Step 1: 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene (64 kg) and dry toluene (170kg) were charged to the 2000 L steel reaction vessel under nitrogen. Thereactor was evacuated and backfilled with N₂ for three times, and cooledto between −10 and 5° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. To the solution wasadded dropwise i-PrMgCl.LiCl (280 kg, 1.3M in THF) at between −10 and10° C. The reaction was stirred for a further 15 to 30 min at between−10 and 10° C. and then warmed to about 20 to 25° C. over 1 h. Thereaction mixture was stirred for another 6 h stir to complete theexchange. The resulting solution was cooled to between −50 and −40° C. Asolution of 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (44.5 kg) in drytoluene (289 kg) was added dropwise to the above solution at whilemaintaining the temperature between −50 and −30° C. The reaction mixturewas warmed to between 20 and 25° C. over 1 h and then stirred for 3 h tocomplete the reaction. The reaction was quenched by addition of 1N aq.HCl (8081 g) at a temperature between −5 and 15° C. The aqueous layerwas separated and organic layer was filtered through a pad ofdiatomaceous earth. The organic layer was washed with 10% aq. NaClsolution (320 kg) twice, then concentrated to about 300 L to obtain1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-chloroethanone (51.8 kg, 81.9% yield) asproduct in toluene.

Step 2: The solution of II (51.7 kg) in toluene was concentrated andsolvent exchanged to EtOH to afford a suspension of II in EtOH (326 kg).A solution of HCOONa.2H₂O (54.8 kg) and HCOOH (44.5 kg) in water (414kg) was added at a temperature between 15 and 35° C. under a nitrogenatmosphere. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 4to 5 h. The solution was cooled to between 20 and 30° C. after over 95%conversion occurred. Water (450 kg) was added dropwise at between 10 and30° C. for over 2 h. The resulting suspension was cooled to between −10and −3° C. and the cooled solution stirred for 1 to 2 h. The solid wasfiltered and the filter cake washed with water (400 kg) to remove theresidual HCOONa and HCOOH. The1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethanone obtained was suspended inEtOAc (41 kg) and n-heptane (64 kg), then warmed to between 45 and 50°C., stirred for 2 h, then cooled to between −2 and 5° C. for over 2 hand stirred at this temperature for 2 h. The solids were filtered anddried in vacuo at between 40 and 50° C. for 12 h to afford the productas white solid (40.0 kg, 99.3% purity, 84.5% yield).

Step 3: A 500 L reactor under nitrogen was charged with purified water(150 kg), 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (0.90 kg), anhydrous MgCl₂(0.030 kg), n-heptane (37 kg),1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethanone (30 kg), D-(+)-glucosemonohydrate (34.8 kg) and PEG 6000 (30.0 kg). The pH of the solution wasadjusted to between 6.5 and 7.0 with 1N aq. NaOH at between 28 and 32°C. The cofactor recycling enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase GDH-105 (0.300kg)(Codexis Inc., Redwood City, Calif., USA), the cofactor nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide NAD (0.300 kg)(Roche) and the oxidoreductaseKRED-NADH-112 (0.300 kg) (Codexis Inc., Redwood City, Calif., USA) wereadded. The resulting suspension was stirred at between 29 and 31° C. for10 to 12 h while adjusting the pH to maintain the reaction mixture pHbetween 6.5 and 7.0 by addition of 1N aq. NaOH (160 kg). The pH of thereaction mixture was adjusted to between 1 and 2 by addition of 49%H₂SO₄ (20 kg) to quench the reaction. EtOAc (271 kg) was added and themixture was stirred at between 20 and 30° C. for 10-15 min then filteredthrough a pad of diatomaceous earth. The filter cake was washed withEtOAc (122 kg). The combined organic layers were separated and aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (150 kg). Water (237 kg) was added to thecombined organic layers. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to between7.0 and 8.0 by addition of solid NaHCO₃. The organic layer wasseparated, concentrated and then diluted with DCM to afford(R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (30.9 kg, yield 100%) asproduct in DCM.

Step 4: A 1000 L reactor under nitrogen was charged with(R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (29.5 kg) and dry DCM(390 kg). The solution was cooled to between −5 and 0° C.tert-Butylchlorodimethylsilane (25.1 kg) was added in portions whilemaintaining the temperature between −5 and 2° C. A solution of DMAP(0.95 kg) and TEA (41.0 kg) in dry DCM (122 kg) was added dropwise toabove solution at between −5 and 2° C. The reaction solution was stirredfor 1 h, then warmed to between 20 and 25° C. and stirred for 16 h. Thesolution of(R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethanolwas recooled to between −10 and −5° C. A solution of methanesulfonylchloride (19.55 kg) in dry DCM (122 kg) was added dropwise to the abovesolution of while maintaining the temperature between −10 and 0° C. Thereaction solution was stirred at between −10 and 0° C. for 20 to 30 min,and then warmed to between 0 and 5° C. for over 1 h, and stirred. Thereaction solution was washed with water (210 kg), followed by 5% aq.citric acid (210 kg), 2% aq. NaHCO₃ (210 kg) and finally water (2×210kg). The resulting DCM solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated in vacuo below 15° C. (jacket temperature below 35° C.) toafford(R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethylmethanesulfonate (49.5 kg, 83.5% yield, KarlFischer=0.01%) as product inDCM.

Example 2 4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one

Step 1: A 1000 L reactor was charged with 2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (82.2kg) and dry THF (205 kg). The reactor was evacuated and backfilled withN₂ three times then cooled to between −30 and −20° C. To the solutionwas added dropwise i-PrMgCl.LiCl (319 kg, 1.3M in THF). The reaction waswarmed to between −20 and −10° C. and stirred for 1.5 h to complete thetransmetallation.

A 2000 L reactor was charged with 4-chloro-2-methylthiopyrimidine (45.6kg), dry THF (205 kg) and [1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene] (3-chloropyridyl) palladium(II) dichloride(PEPPSI™-IPr, 1.850 kg). The 2000 L reactor was evacuated and backfilledwith N₂ three times and heated to between 55 and 57° C. To the reactorwas added over 0.5 to 1 h, the solution of(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)magnesium chloride while maintaining thetemperature between 50 and 62° C. The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at between 50 and 62° C. for a further 2 h. The reaction mixturewas cooled to between 5 and 25° C. while the reaction was quenched withwater (273 kg). The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8 to 9 by addingsolid citric acid monohydrate (7.3 kg). The organic layer was separated,washed with 12.5% aqNaCl (228 kg) and concentrated in vacuo below 50° C.to afford 4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine (38.3 kg,61% yield) as product in THF.

Step 2: The solution of4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine (38.2 kg) in THF wasconcentrated and co-evaporated with THF to remove residual water. Thesuspension was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth to removeinorganic salts. To the resulting solution in THF (510 kg) was addedtert-BuOK (39.7 kg) in portions while maintaining the temperaturebetween 15 and 25° C. The mixture was warmed to between 20 and 25° C.and stirred for 5 h. NaHCO₃ (14.9 kg) added charged and then a citricacid solution (5 kg) in THF (15 kg) was added to adjust the pH tobetween 8 and 9. Water (230 kg) was added. The mixture was filtered andthe filter cake was washed with THF (100 kg). The combined THF solutionswere washed with 12.5% aqueous NaCl (320 kg) and concentrated to about380 L to afford a solution of4-(2-(tert-butoxy)pyridin-4-yl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine in THF.

To the THF solution cooled to between 15 and 30° C. was added 1N H₂SO₄aq. solution (311 kg). The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 4h. MTBE (280 kg) was charged and the pH of reaction solution wasadjusted to 14 with 30% aqueous NaOH (120 kg). The aqueous layer wasseparated and the organic phase filtered to remove inorganic salts. Theobtained aqueous layer was washed with MTBE (2×280 kg). 2-MeTHF (1630kg) and i-PrOH (180 kg) were added to the aqueous solution. The pH wasthen adjusted to 8 slowly with conc. HCl (19 kg). An organic layerseparated and aqueous layer was extracted with 2-MeTHF (305 kg). Thecombined 2-MeTHF extracts were washed with water (300 kg) andconcentrated to about 100 L. MTBE (230 kg) was added and stirred at20-30° C. for 0.5 h. The solid was filtered and slurried in a mixturesolvent of 2-MeTHF (68 kg) and MTBE (230 kg). The suspension was stirredat 35-50° C. for 3 h, and then cooled to 0 to 10° C. and stirred at afurther 2 h. The solid was filtered and dried in vacuo at between 50 and62° C. for 20 h to afford product4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one as brown solid (33.55kg, 89.6% assay, 79.4% yield).

Example 3(S)-1-(2-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(XI)

Step 1: The THF was co-evaporated from the THF solution of4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (25.5 kg) to removeresidual water. Dry bis-(2-methoxyethyl)ether (75 kg) was added. Asolution of KHMDS (131 kg, 1M in THF) was added dropwise whilemaintaining the temperature between 25 and 40° C. The mixture was heatedto between 75 and 80° C. and stirred for 30 to 40 min. The resultingmixture was cooled to between 20 and 30° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. Asolution of(R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethylmethanesulfonate (47.6 kg) in THF (50 kg) was added over 30 to 60 minwhile maintaining the temperature between 20 and 40° C. The reactionsolution was warmed to between 80 and 85° C. and stirred for 7 h. Thesolution was cooled to between 5 and 15° C. and water (155 kg) wasadded. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.5 with 30% aqueouscitric acid (30 kg). EtOAc (460 kg) was added and the mixture wasstirred for 20 min. The organic layer was separated and washed with12.5% aqueous NaCl (510 kg). The combined aqueous layers were extractedwith EtOAc (115 kg). The ethyl acetate layers were concentrated to about360 L to afford(S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(44.6 kg, 75.7% yield) as product in EtOAc.

Step 2: To a solution of(S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(44.6 kg) in EtOAc (401 kg, 10 vol) cooled to between 5 and 10° C. wasadded in portions MCPBA (58 kg). The reaction mixture was added to asolution of NaHCO₃ (48.7 kg) in water (304 kg) at a temperature between10 and −20° C. A solution of Na₂S₂O₃ (15 kg) in water (150 kg) was addeddropwise to consume residual MCBPA. The organic layer was separated andaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (130 kg). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (301 kg), concentrated and solventexchanged to DCM to afford(S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(45.0 kg, 94.9% yield) as product in DCM. The DCM solution wasconcentrated to about 100 L, filtered through a pad of SiO₂ (60 kg) andeluted with an EtOAc/DCM gradient (0, 25 and 50% EtOAc). The fractionswere combined and concentrated to get the product which was re-slurriedwith (acetone: n-heptane=1:3 v/v) four times to afford the final product(31.94 kg, 71% yield).

Example 4(S)-1-(1-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt (VIIIb)

Step 1: A clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged with THF(13 kg) then(S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(I, 5 kg) and 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (1.1 kg) were addedsequentially with medium agitation followed by THF (18 kg). The mixturewas cooled to −35° C. and to the resulting thin slurry was added slowlya THF solution of LiHMDS (17.4 kg, 1.0 M) at a rate that maintained theinternal temperature below −25° C. After the addition was completed, thereaction was held between −35 and −25° C. for 20 min and monitored byHPLC. If the HPLC result indicated ≤98.5% conversion, additional LiHMDS(0.34 kg, 1.0 M, 0.05 mol %) was added slowly at −35° C. The reactionwas quenched slowly at the same temperature with H₃PO₄ solution (4.4 kgof 85% H₃PO₄ and 15 kg of water) and the internal temperature was keptbelow 30° C. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (18 kg) and the phasesseparated, the organic layer was washed with H₃PO₄ solution (1.1 kg of85% H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) followed by a second H₃PO₄ wash (0.55 kgof 85% H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water). If 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-remained, theorganic layer was washed again with H₃PO₄ solution (0.55 kg of 85% H₃PO₄and 12 kg of water). Finally the organic layer was washed sequentiallywith water (20 kg) and a NaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (2 kg of NaCl, 0.35 kgof NaHCO₃ and 10 kg of water). After the phase separation, residue waterin organic solution was removed through an azeotropic distillation withEtOAc to ≤0.5% (by KF) and then solution was concentrated to 20-30 Lunder a vacuum below 50° C. The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using35 kg of MeOH and then concentrated to between 20 and 30 L for the nextstep.

Step 2: To the methanolic(S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(IX) solution in MeOH was added HCl (10.7 kg, 1.25 M in MeOH) at RT. Itwas slightly exothermic. After the addition was completed, the reactionwas heated to 45° C. If the reaction was incomplete after 14 to 16 h,additional HCl (1 kg, 1.25 M in MeOH) was added and agitation at 45° C.was continued for 2 h. The reaction was equipped with a distillationsetup with acid scrubber. The reaction was concentrated to between 20and 30 L under a vacuum below 50° C. To the resulting solution was addedMeOH (35 kg) and the reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L again undera vacuum below 50° C. The solvent was then switched to EtOAc using 40 kgof EtOAc. The solvent ratio was monitored by Headspace GC and thesolvent swap continued until it was less than ⅕. The solution wasconcentrated to between 20 and 30 L under a vacuum below 50° C. Afterthe solution was cooled below 30° C., aqueous NaHCO₃ (1.2 kg of NaHCO₃and 20 kg of water) was added slowly with a medium agitation andfollowed by EtOAc (40 kg). The organic layer was washed with water (2×10kg) then concentrated to 20-30 L under a vacuum below 50° C. The solventwas then switched to MEK using 35 kg of MEK. The residue MeOH wasmonitored by Headspace GC and the solvent swap continued until the MeOHwas <0.3%. The solution containing(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(VIII) was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50° C. forthe next step.

Step 3: The solution of VIII in MEK was transferred to a second 100 Lcylindrical reaction vessel through a 1 μm line filter. In a separatecontainer was prepared benezenesulfonic acid solution (1.3 kg ofbenzenesulfonic acid, 1.4 kg of water and 4.4 kg of MEK). The filteredVIII solution was heated to 75° C. and to the resulting solution wasadded 0.7 kg of the benzenesulfonic acid solution through a 1 μm linefilter. The clear solution was seeded with crystalline benzenesulfonicacid salt of VIII (0.425 kg) as a slurry in MEK (0.025 kg of VIIIbcrystalline seed and 0.4 kg of MEK) which produced a thin slurry. Theremaining benzenesulfonic acid solution was then added through a 1 μmline filter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75° C. foradditional 1 h and then cooled to 18° C. in a minimum of 3 h. Theresulting thick slurry was agitated at 20° C. for 14 to 16 h. The solidwas filtered using an Aurora dryer. The mother liquor was assayed byHPLC (about 0.3% loss). The solid was then washed with 1 μm linefiltered 15.8 kg of MEK and water solution (0.8 kg of water and 15 kg ofMEK) and followed by 1 μm line filtered 30 kg of MEK. Washes wereassayed by HPLC (<1% loss). The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and anitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 45° C. for a minimum 12 h toafford the benzenesulfonic acid salt of VIII, which is labeled VIIIb.

Additional Examples

Step 1:

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 13 kg of THFfirst. With a medium agitation, 5.0 kg of 1 and 1.1 kg of1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was charged sequentially and followed by therest of THF (18 kg). At −35° C. to the resulting thin slurry was added17.4 kg of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF slowly and the internal temperaturewas remained below −25° C. After addition, the reaction was held between−35 and −25° C. for 20 min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. If theHPLC result indicated ≤98.5% conversion, additional 0.34 kg (0.05 mol %)of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF was charged slowly at −35° C. Otherwise,the reaction was quenched at the same temperature with 19.4 kg of H₃PO₄solution (4.4 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and 15 kg of water) slowly and theinternal temperature was remained below 30° C. The reaction was dilutedwith 18 kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer waswashed with 13.1 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (1.1 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and 12 kg ofwater) and then with 12.6 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (0.55 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and12 kg of water). The organic layer was assayed for the1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level by HPLC. If the HPLC result indicated≥20 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, the organic layer needed anadditional wash with 12.6 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (0.55 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and12 kg of water). Otherwise, the organic layer was washed with 20 kg ofwater. The organic layer was assayed again for the1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level. If the HPLC result indicated ≥2 μg/mLof 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, the organic layer needed an additionalwash with 20 kg of water. Otherwise, the organic layer was washed with12.4 kg of NaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (2 kg of NaCl, 0.35 kg of NaHCO₃ and10 kg of water). After the phase separation, residue water in organicsolution was removed through an azeotropic distillation with EtOAc to≥0.5% (by KF) and then the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L undera vacuum below 50° C. The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using 35 kgof MeOH and then concentrated to 20 to 30 L for the next step.

Step 2:

To the IX solution in MeOH from the last step was charged 10.7 kg of HCl(1.25 M in MeOH) at the ambient temperature. It was observed slightlyexothermic. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45° C. After14-16 h, the reaction was monitored by HPLC. If the HPLC resultindicated the conversion was ≥98%, an additional 1 kg of HCl (1.25 M inMeOH) was charged and the reaction was agitated at 45° C. for additional2 h. Otherwise, the reaction was equipped with a distillation setup withacid scrubber. The reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under avacuum below 50° C. To the resulting solution was charged 35 kg of MeOHand the reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L again under a vacuumbelow 50° C. The solvent was then switched to EtOAc using 40 kg ofEtOAc. The solvent ratio was monitored by Headspace GC. If the ratio ofMeOH/EtOAc was greater than 1/5, the solvent swap should be continued.Otherwise, the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuumbelow 50° C. After the solution was cooled below 30° C., 21.2 kg ofNaHCO₃ solution (1.2 kg of NaHCO₃ and 20 kg of water) was charged slowlywith a medium agitation and followed by 40 kg of EtOAc. After the phaseseparation, the organic layer was washed with 2×10 kg of water. Theorganic layer was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50° C.The solvent was then switched to MEK using 35 kg of MEK. The residueMeOH was monitored by Headspace GC. If the level of MeOH was ≥0.3%, thesolvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution wasconcentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50° C. for the nextstep.

Step 3:

The VIII solution in MEK from the last step was transferred to a second100 L cylindrical reaction vessel through a 3 μm line filter. In aseparated container was prepared 7.1 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution(1.3 kg of benzenesulfonic acid, 1.4 kg of water and 4.4 kg of MEK). Thefiltered G02584994 solution was heated to 75° C. and to the resultingsolution was charged 0.7 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (10%)through a 3 μm line filter. To the clear solution was charged 0.425 kgof VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in MEK (0.025 kg of VIIIb crystallineseed and 0.4 kg of MEK). This resulted in a thin slurry. The rest ofbenzenesulfonic acid solution was then charged through a 3 μm linefilter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75° C. foradditional 1 h and then cooled to 20° C. in a minimum of 3 h. Theresulting thick slurry was agitated at 20° C. for 14-16 h. Solid wasfiltered using a filter dryer. Mother liquor was assayed by HPLC (about3% loss). Solid was then washed with 3 μm line filtered 15.8 kg of MEKand water solution (0.8 kg of water and 15 kg of MEK) and followed by 3μm line filtered 30 kg of MEK. Washes were assayed by HPLC (<1% loss).The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and the nitrogen sweep at a jackettemperature of 45° C. for a minimum 12 h.

Recrystallization

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 16 kg of EtOHfirst. With a medium agitation, 3.5 kg of VIIIb was charged and thenfollowed by the rest of EtOH (8.5 kg). The thick slurry was heated to78° C. and water (−1.1 kg) was charge until a clear solution wasobtained. The hot solution was filtered through a 3 μm line filter to asecond clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel. The temperature droppedto 55-60° C. and the solution remained clear. To the resulting solutionwas charged with 0.298 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in EtOH(0.018 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.28 kg of EtOH). The thickslurry was concentrated to 20 to 30 L at 60° C. under a vacuum and thencooled 20° C. in 3 h. The resulting slurry was agitated at 20° C. for 14to 16 h. Solid was filtered using a filter dryer. The mother liquor wasassayed by HPLC (about 10% loss). Solid was then washed with 3 μm linefiltered 11.1 kg of EtOH and water solution (0.56 kg of water and 11 kgof EtOH) and followed by 3 μm line filtered 21 kg of MEK. Washes wereassayed by HPLC (3% loss). The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and thenitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 45° C. for a minimum 12 h.

An additional synthetic process is set forth below.

Step 1:

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 18 kg of THFfirst. With a medium agitation, 4.2 kg of I and 0.91 kg of1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was charged sequentially and followed by therest of THF (21 kg). At −40° C. to the resulting thin slurry was added14.9 kg of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF slowly and the internal temperaturewas remained below −30° C. After addition, the reaction was held between−35 and −40° C. for 20 min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. The HPLCresult indicated 99.1% conversion. The reaction was quenched at the sametemperature with 16.7 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (3.7 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and 13kg of water) slowly and the internal temperature was remained below 30°C. The reaction was diluted with 17 kg of EtOAc. After the phaseseparation, the organic layer was washed with 13.1 kg of H₃PO₄ solution(1.1 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) and then with 10.5 kg of H₃PO₄solution (0.46 kg of 85% H₃PO₄ and 10 kg of water). The organic layerwas assayed for the 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level by HPLC. The HPLCresult indicated 2 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine The organiclayer was washed with 15.8 kg of NaCl solution (0.3 kg of NaCl and 15.5kg of water). The organic layer was assayed again for the G02586778level. The HPLC result indicated 0.5 μg/mL of1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine The organic layer was washed with 10.3 kg ofNaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (1.7 kg of NaCl, 0.6 kg of NaHCO₃ and 8 kg ofwater). After the phase separation, residue water in organic solutionwas removed through an azeotropic distillation with EtOAc to ≤0.5% (byKF) and then the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuumbelow 50° C. The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using 30 kg of MeOHand then concentrated to 20 to 30 L for the next step.

Step 2:

To the IX solution in MeOH from the last step was charged 9.0 kg of HCl(1.25 M in MeOH) at the ambient temperature. It was observed slightlyexothermic. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45° C. After 16h, the reaction was monitored by HPLC. The HPLC result indicated theconversion was 99.4%. The reaction was equipped with a distillationsetup. The reaction was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50° C.To the resulting solution was charged 35 kg of MeOH and the reaction wasconcentrated to 20 L again under a vacuum below 50° C. The solvent wasthen switched to EtOAc using 40 kg of EtOAc. The solvent ratio wasmonitored by Headspace GC. If the ratio of MeOH/EtOAc was greater than⅕, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution wasconcentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50° C. After the solution wascooled below 30° C., 18 kg of NaHCO₃ solution (1 kg of NaHCO₃ and 17 kgof water) was charged slowly with a medium agitation and followed by 34kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washedwith 2×8 kg of water. The organic layer was concentrated to 20 L under avacuum below 50° C. The solvent was then switched to MEK using 35 kg ofMEK. The residue MeOH was monitored by Headspace GC. If the level ofMeOH was ≥0.3%, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, thesolution was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50° C. for thenext step.

Step 3:

The VIII solution in MEK from the last step was transferred to a second100 L cylindrical reaction vessel through a 1 μm polish filter. In aseparated container was prepared 6.0 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution(1.1 kg of benzenesulfonic acid, 1.2 kg of water and 3.7 kg of MEK). Thefiltered solution was heated to 75° C. and to the resulting solution wascharged 0.6 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (10%) through a 1 μmline filter. To the clear solution was charged 0.36 kg of VIIIbcrystalline seed slurry in MEK (0.021 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and0.34 kg of MEK). This resulted in a thin slurry. The rest ofbenzenesulfonic acid solution was then charged through a 1 μm linefilter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75° C. foradditional 1 h and then cooled to 18° C. in a minimum of 3 h. Theresulting thick slurry was agitated at 18° C. for 14-16 h. Solid wasfiltered using an Aurora dryer. Solid was then washed with 1 μm linefiltered 8.15 kg of MEK and water solution (0.35 kg of water and 7.8 kgof MEK) and followed by 1 μm line filtered 12 kg of MEK.

Recrystallization

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 21 kg of EtOHfirst. With a medium agitation, 3.5 kg of VIIIb was charged and thenfollowed by the rest of EtOH (9 kg). The thick slurry was heated to 78°C. and water (1.2 kg) was charge until a clear solution was obtained.The hot solution was filtered through a 1 μm line filter to a secondclean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel. The temperature dropped to 69°C. and the solution remained clear. To the resulting solution wascharged with 0.37 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in EtOH (0.018 kgof VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.35 kg of EtOH). The thin slurry wasconcentrated to 20 L at 60-70° C. under a vacuum and then cooled 18° C.in 3 h. The resulting slurry was agitated at 18° C. for 14-16 h. Solidwas filtered using a filter dryer. Solid was then washed with 1 μm linefiltered 8.6 kg of EtOH and water solution (0.4 kg of water and 8.2 kgof EtOH). The solution was introduced in two equal portions. The solidwas then washed by 1 μm line filtered 6.7 kg of MEK. The wet cake wasdried under a vacuum and the nitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of35-40° C. for a minimum 12 h.

Alternative Synthetic Route (Steps 1 to 10 below)

Step 1:

Procedure:

-   1. Charge compound 1 and MeBrPPh₃ to a four-necked jacketed flask    with a paddle stirrer under N₂-   2. Charge THF (5.0V., KF<0.02%) to the flask (Note: V is the volume    of solution to mass of limited reagent or L/Kg)-   3. Stir the suspension at 0° C.-   4. Add the NaH (60% suspended in mineral oil) portionwise to the    flask at 0° C.-   5. Stir at 0° C. for 30 min-   6. Heat to 30° C. and stir for 6 hrs-   7. Cool to 0° C.-   8. Charge PE (petroleum ether) (5.0V) to the flask-   9. Add the crystal seed of TPPO (triphenylphospine oxide)(1 to about    5% wt of total TPPO) to the flask-   10. Stir at −10° C. for 2 hrs-   11. Filter, and wash the cake with PE (5.0V)-   12. Concentrate the filtrate to dryness-   13. Purification of the product by distillation under reduced    pressure affords 2 as colorless oil

Step 2:

Procedure:

-   1. Add (DHQD)2PHAL, Na₂CO₃, K₂Fe(CN)₆, K₂OsO₂(OH)₄ into a flask    under N₂ (Ad-mix beta, Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.).-   2. Cool to 0° C.-   3. Add tBuOH (5V) and H₂O (5V)-   4. Add 2-   5. Stir the mixture at 0° C. for 6 h-   6. Cool to 0° C.-   7. Add Na₂SO₃ to quench the reaction-   8. Stir at 0° C. for 2 h-   9. Filter and wash the cake with EA (ethyl acetate)-   10. Separate the organic layer-   11. Filter and concentrate to dryness

Step 3:

Procedure:

-   1. Add IV (1 eq.) and DCM (5V) to a flask under N₂-   2. Cool to 0° C.-   3. Add DMAP (0.1 eq.), then TEA (1.5 eq.)-   4. Add TBSCl (1.05 eq.) dropwise at 0° C.-   5. Stir the mixture at 0° C. for 1 h-   6. Add water to quench the reaction-   7. Separate the layers-   8. Dry the organic layer over Na₂SO₄-   9. Filter-   10. Concentrate the filtrate to dryness-   11. Use for next step directly

Step 4:

Procedure:

-   1. Add V (1.0 eq.) and DCM (5V) into a flask under N₂.-   2. Cool to 0° C.-   3. Add TEA (1.51 eq.)-   4. Add MsCl (1.05 eq.) dropwise at 0° C.-   5. Stir the mixture at rt for 1 h-   6. Add DCM to dilute the mixture for better stirring-   7. Add water to quench the reaction-   8. Separate the layers-   9. Wash the organic layer with NaHCO₃-   10. Dry over Na₂SO₄-   11. Filter and concentrate the filtrate to dryness-   12. Used for next step directly

Step 5:

Procedure:

-   1. Add VII (1 eq.) and DGME (20V) into flask under N₂-   2. Cool to 0° C.-   3. Add KHMDS (1M in THF, 1 eq.)-   4. Add VI (1.2-1.5 eq.) in DGME solution-   5. Stir at 0° C. for 5 min-   6. Heat to reflux (jacket 120° C.) and stir for over 4 h-   7. Cool down-   8. Quench with water and extraction with MTBE-   9. Wash with 20% NaCl-   10. Dry over Na₂SO₄-   11. Concentrate to dryness and use to next step directly

Step 6:

Procedure:

-   1. Charge XI (1 eq.), DCM (8V) into flask under N₂-   2. Add mCPBA by portions-   3. Stir at room temperature for 2 h-   4. Add 7% NaHCO₃ aq. to wash-   5. Quench with Na₂S₂O₄ aq.-   6. Wash with 20% NaCl aq.-   7. Dry over Na₂SO₄-   8. Filter and concentrate to dryness-   9. Slurry the result in MTBE (3V) to afford I

Step 7:

Procedure:

-   1. Add I (1 eq.), 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (4 eq.), Cs₂CO₃, DMF    (4V) into a flask under N₂-   2. Stir at room temperature for 3 h-   3. Work-up to afford product.

Step 8:

Procedure:

-   -   1. IX was dissolved in MeOH    -   2. HCl (1.25 M in MeOH) was charged at the ambient temperature.    -   3. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45° C. for 16 h.    -   4. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenched with aqueous        NaHCO₃ and diluted with EtOAc    -   5. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with        water. The organic layer was concentrated to afford the crude        VIII

Step 9:

Procedure:

-   1. Charge compound 6-2, XIII, Pd-catalyst and sodium bicarbonate to    a four-necked jacketed flask with paddle stirrer under N₂-   2. Charge water and 1,4-dioxane (5.0V., KF<0.02%) to the flask-   3. Stir the suspension at 85° C. for 16 hrs-   4. Filter through the silica-gel (2.0×) and diatomaceous earth    (0.5×)-   5. Remove the 1,4-dioxane by distillation under a vacuum-   6. Partition between water (2.0V) and EtOAc (5.0V)-   7. Separate the organic phase and concentrate-   8. Purify by re-crystallization from PE and EtOAc

Step 10:

Procedure:

-   Add X into a flask-   Add 2M HCl (10-15V)-   Heat to 100° C. and stir for 3 h-   Cool down-   Neutralize pH to 7 to 8 with 30% NaOH aq.-   Extract with THF-   Wash with 20% NaCl aq.-   Dry over Na₂SO₄-   Filter and concentrate to dryness

Synthesis of Crystalline(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate salt

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(24(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(21.1 mg, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (0.5 mL). Benzenesulfonicacid (Fluka, 98%, 7.8 mg, 0.049 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (0.5 mL) andthe resulting solution added drop wise to the free base solution withstirring. Precipitation occurred and the precipitate slowly dissolved asmore benzenesulfonic acid solution was added. A small amount of stickysolid remained on the bottom of the vial. The vial contents weresonicated for 10 minutes during which further precipitation occurred.The solid was isolated after centrifugation and vacuum dried at 40° C.using house vacuum.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate salt Crystalline Form A

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt (23.1 mg) was dissolved in hot isopropanol (5 mL)in a heating block set to 90° C. The heat was turned off on the heatingblock and the solution was allowed to cool to ambient and then placed ina freezer at about −20° C. The solid was collected while still cold andanalyzed by XRPD to give(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt Form A.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt Crystalline Form A Single Crystals Suitable forSingle Crystal Structure Determination as Set Forth Below

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystalline Form A: Crystals of suitable qualityfor structure determination were grown in methanol via stirring atapproximately 50° C., isolating into Paratone-N oil after approximately1 day and storing under ambient conditions.

Structural solution: A colorless plate of C₂₇H₂₃ClFN₆O₅S [C₂₁H₁₈ClFN₆O₂,C₆H₅O₃S] having approximate dimensions of 0.16×0.16×0.06 mm, was mountedon a fiber in random orientation. Preliminary examination and datacollection were performed with Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54178 Å) on a RigakuRapid II diffractometer equipped with confocal optics. Refinements wereperformed using SHELX2013 [Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Cryst., 2008, A64,112].

Cell constants and an orientation matrix for data collection wereobtained from least-squares refinement using the setting angles of 24479reflections in the range 3°<θ<63°. The refined mosaicity fromDENZO/SCALEPACK was 0.59°, indicating moderate crystal quality[Otwinowski, Z.; Minor, W. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 276, 307]. The spacegroup was determined by the program XPREP [Bruker, XPREP in SHELXTL v.6.12., Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wis., USA, 2002]. There were nosystematic absences, and the space group was determined to be P1 (no.1).

The data were collected to a maximum 2θ value of 126.9°, at atemperature of 293±1 K.

Frames were integrated with HKL3000 [Flack, H. D.; Bernardinelli, G.,Acta Cryst. 1999, A55, 908]. A total of 24479 reflections werecollected, of which 6536 were unique. Lorentz and polarizationcorrections were applied to the data. The linear absorption coefficientis 2.450 mm⁻¹ for Cu Kα radiation. An empirical absorption correctionusing SCALEPACK [Otwinowski, Z.; Minor, W. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 276,307] was applied. Transmission coefficients ranged from 0.564 to 0.863.A secondary extinction correction was applied [Glusker, Jenny Pickworth;Trueblood, Kenneth N. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer, 2^(nd) ed.;Oxford University press: New York, 1985; p. 87]. The final coefficient,refined in least-squares, was 0.00170 (in absolute units). Intensitiesof equivalent reflections were averaged. The agreement factor for theaveraging was 9.8% based on intensity.

The structure was solved by direct methods using SHELXT [Burla, M. C.,Caliandro, R., Camalli, M., Carrozzini, B., Cascarano, G. L., De Caro,L., Giacovazzo, C., Polidori, G., and Spagna, R., J. Appl. Cryst. 2005,38, 381]. The remaining atoms were located in succeeding differenceFourier syntheses. They hydrogen atoms residing on nitrogen atoms wererefined independently. All other hydrogen atoms were included in therefinement but restrained to ride on the atom to which they are bonded.The structure was refined in full-matrix least-squares by minimizing thefunction:Σw(|F ₀|² −|F _(c)|²)²

The weight w is defined as 1/[σ²(F_(o) ²)+(0.2000P)²+(0.0000P)], whereP=(F_(o) ²+2F_(c) ²)/3.

Scattering factors were taken from the “International Tables forCrystallography” [International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. C,Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992, Tables4.2.6.8 and 6.1.1.4]. Of the 6536 reflections used in the refinements,only the reflections with F_(o) ²>2σ(F_(o) ²) were used in calculatingthe fit residual, R. A total of 5796 reflections were used in thecalculation. The final cycle of refinement included 771 variableparameters and converged (largest parameter shift was <0.01 times itsestimated standard deviation) with unweighted and weighted agreementfactors of:R=Σ|F _(o) −F _(c) |/ΣF _(o)=0.096R _(w)=√{square root over ((Σw(F _(o) ² −F _(c) ²)² /Σw(F _(o)²)²))}=0.283

The standard deviation of an observation of unit weight (goodness offit) was 1.385. The highest peak in the final difference Fourier had aheight of 0.85 e/Å³. This is rather high and indicative of the poorquality of the structure refinement. The minimum negative peak had aheight of −0.28 e/Å³. The Flack factor for the determination of theabsolute structure [Flack, H. D. Acta Cryst. 1983, A39, 876] refined to−0.01(4).

One of the hydroxyl groups of one of the molecules in the asymmetricunit was refined using disorder. This leads to the splitting of the O22and H22 atoms into the O22A, H22A and O22B, H22B pairs of atomiccoordinates.

A representation of a single molecule of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystalline Form A, determined from the singlecrystal analysis, is shown in FIG. 3. Disorder in the hydroxymethylgroup can be observed in the upper right of FIG. 3.

Single Crystal Data and Data Collection Parameters for VIIIb

Formula C₂₇H₂₄ClFN₆O₅S formula weight 598.04 space group P1 (No. 1) a, Å7.7973(9) b, Å 12.2869(13) c, Å 14.7832(14) α, deg 103.489(7) β, deg91.519(8) γ, deg 97.231(10) V, Å³ 1364.0(2) Z′  2 temperature, K 293mosaicity, deg  0.59 Rint  0.098 R(Fo)  0.096 Rw(Fo2)  0.283 goodness offit  1.385 absolute structure determination Flack parameter (−0.01(4))Hooft parameter (−0.045(17))

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystallizes in chiral triclinic space group P-1with two symmetrically independent cation anion pairs. Although thegeometrical parameters indicate that all of the intermolecularinteractions can be treated as relatively strong, both cations arehighly disordered. Two conformations of the chlorofluorophenyl groupswere found with an occupancy ratio of about 60:40. In addition, thehydroxymethyl group was also disordered with an occupancy ratio of about50:50. The absolute stereochemistry is assigned the S-configuration.

Synthesis of amorphous(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate salt

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onebenzenesulfonate salt (39.6 mg) in tert-butanol (about 20 mL) was heatedto 60° C. in a heating block. The tert-butanol has been melted at about30° C. prior to addition to the besylate salt. Water (200μ) was addedand heated until a clear solution resulted. The solutions were cooledand filtered through a 0.2 μm filter and placed in a lyophillizer. Thiscompound was lyophilized using a SP Scientific VirTis AdVantage 2.0Benchtop Freeze Dryer. A 70-hour recipe was used to remove solvent fromthe compound.

The initial freezing of the compound was done under a vacuum at −70° C.for 1.5 hours at 500 mTorr pressure. This ensures that the entiresolution is completely frozen before primary drying is started. Primarydrying is done to remove the bulk solvent via sublimation. From −70° C.,the temperature is raised to −35° C. and the pressure is lowered to 100mTorr for 1 hour. After drying at −35° C. for 1 hour, the temperature israised to 5° C. and dried for an additional 28 hours at the samepressure. Primary drying ends with the last step at 15° C. which is heldfor 16 hours. The lyophilization pressure is lowered to 50 mTorr and thetemperature is raised to 35° C. for 16 hours. Secondary drying continueswith the temperature lowering to 30° C. and pressure lowering to 10mTorr for 6 hours. The final step of the lyophilization cycle has thetemperature lowered to 25° C. and the pressure raised back to 2500 mTorrfor 1 hour.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate: Crystalline Form I

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(21.8 mg, 0.0494 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (0.5 mL).1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid tetrahydrate (25.1 mg, 0.0871 mmol) wasdissolved in methanol (1.0 mL) and about 0.36 mL of the solution wasadded drop wise to the free base solution with stirring. Precipitationoccurred. The suspension was allowed to slowly evaporate until only atrace of solvent remained. The solid was vacuum dried at 40° C. usinghouse vacuum.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate: Crystalline Form II

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(103.3 mg, 0.234 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (2.5 mL).1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid tetrahydrate (110.4 mg, 0.383 mmol) wasdissolved in methanol (2.0 mL) and about 0.77 mL of the solution wasadded drop wise to the free base solution with stirring. Precipitationoccurred including one big chunk. The chunk was broken up with a spatulafollowed by addition of methanol (0.77 mL). The suspension was allowedto stir for 3 day. The solid was isolated by filtration and dried at 60°C. using house vacuum to give 57 mg of a yellow solid.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,tosylate IPA solvate and(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,Tosylate Form A

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(105.1 mg, 0.239 mmol) was mostly dissolved in isopropanol (1 mL) usingsonication. p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (97.5% pure, 52.9 mg,0.271 mmol) was dissolved in isopropanol (1 mL). The toluenesulfonicacid solution was added drop wise to the free base solution withstirring to give a yellow solid. Additional isopropanol was added (1mL). The solid was isolated by filtration and the reactor and solidswere rinsed with 1 mL isopropanol. The solid was analyzed by XRPD in aholder open to the atmosphere while still wet with solids to give adisordered(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,tosylate IPA solvate. TG analysis was conducted on the XRPD sample.

The remaining solid was dried at 60° C. under a vacuum for 4 days togive(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,tosylate crystalline Form A.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onetosylate, Amorphous Form

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(104.3 mg, 0.237 mmol) was dissolved in diethyl ether (60 mL).p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (52.0 mg, 0.273 mmol) was dissolvedin diethyl ether (5 mL). The toluenesulfonic acid solution was addeddrop wise to the free base solution with stirring and the suspensionstirred overnight. The ether was decanted and the solid allowed to airdry to get 103 mg of a yellow solid.

Synthesis of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onetosylate, Amorphous Form and Form B Mixture

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onetosylate, amorphous form, (10.8 mg) was placed into a vial with a stirbar. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, 0.3 mL) was added and the slurry stirredfor 4 days. Solvent was evaporated under a vacuum at 60° C. to give ayellow solid.

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of samples were obtained using theRigaku MiniFlexII powder X-ray diffractometer using reflection geometry.The copper radiation source was operated at the voltage of 30 kV and thecurrent 15 mA. Each sample was placed in the cavity of an aluminumsample holder fitted with a zero background quartz insert and flattenedwith a glass slide to present a good surface texture and inserted intothe sample holder. All samples were measured in the 2θ angle rangebetween 2° and 40° with a scan rate of 2°/min and a step size of 0.02°.

A TA Instruments differential scanning calorimeter (Model Q100 or ModelQ2000) with a mechanical cooler and a standard cell (configured the sameas the sample pan) was used to measure the thermal properties of thepowder samples. Each sample was loaded into a closed aluminium pan witha non-crimped lid containing zero to one pin hole and placed into thedifferential scanning calorimtery (DSC) cell. The cell has a nitrogenpurge flowing at approximately 50 cm³/min. The cell and sample wereequilibrated at 20° C. The cell was then heated to 209° C. or 250-350°C. at 10.00° C./min while monitoring the heat flow difference betweenthe empty reference pan and the sample pan.

Modulated DSC was used to analyze(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-oneamorphous free base. A TA Instruments differential scanning calorimeter(Model Q2000) with a mechanical cooler and a standard cell (configuredthe same as the sample pan) was used to measure the thermal propertiesof the powder samples. Each sample was loaded into a closed aluminiumpan with a non-crimped lid containing zero to one pin hole and placedinto the differential scanning calorimtery (DSC) cell. The cell has anitrogen purge flowing at approximately 50 cm³/min. The cell and samplewere equilibrated at 25° C., the temperature was modulated at ±1° C.every 60 seconds, and held isothermally for 5 minutes. Data storage wasturned on and the sample ramped at 3° C. to 100° C. The sample was thenramped to 25° C. at 3° C./minute. The sample was then heated at 3°C./minute to 200° C. The reversing signal is shown.

Automated vapor sorption data were collected on a TA Instruments Q5000SAvapor sorption analyzer. NaCl and PVP were used as calibrationstandards. Samples were not dried prior to analysis. Adsorption anddesorption data were collected at 25° C. over a range from 5 to 95% RHat 10% RH increments under a nitrogen purge. Samples were held at thecorresponding RH for 1 hour prior to moving to the next RH range. Datawere not corrected for the initial moisture content of the samples.

The free base of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-oneis an amorphous solid (XRPD, FIG. 4). The glass transition temperature(TG) varies from about 74-96° C. depending on purity and solvent contentas measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, FIG. 5).

Approximately 200 crystallization experiments were conducted withoutsuccess in an attempt to find a crystalline form of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onefree base. Small amounts of crystals were observed in multipleexperiments, but these were identified as impurities generated from thesynthetic sequence or from raw materials and not as(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onefree base. One exception was noted from experiments conducted usingnitromethane as a solvent and heptane as antisolvent in a vapordiffusion experiment. A mixture of amorphous and crystalline materialwas isolated. The crystalline material obtained was determined to be±1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one.

A salt screen was conducted to determine if a suitable salt form couldbe discovered. The pK_(a) of the free base was determined to be lessthan 2, which limited the range of possible salt coformers. In addition,salts derived from(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-onefree base would have a pH_(max) less than 2 and would be expected todisproportionate in water. Thus, it was not clear that a crystallinesalt could be prepared or that any salt would have acceptable exposurein vivo (an aqueous environment). Initial attempts to preparecrystalline salts using hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, isethionic acid, andethanedisulfonic acid failed to give any crystalline salt. Eventuallycrystalline salts were obtained from 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid.

Below are tables showing the primary XRPD peak information for the saltsdescribed herein. It is well known to those skilled in the art that thepeaks may be shifted up or down depending on the conditions under whichthe XRPD analysis was conducted. In general, the peaks may shift by+/−0.2. In another aspect, the peaks may be shifted by +/−0.1.

Besylate Salt.

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 6.16 14.34299.3 7.46 11.840 19.4 16.36 5.414 100 25.76 3.456 80.6 25.98 3.423 90.2

Tosylate IPA Solvate

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 4.98 17.728100 13.28 6.662 20.7 16.28 5.440 60.4 19.72 4.499 73.8

Tosylate Form A

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 5.76 15.32758.4 13.44 6.584 36.0 15.64 5.662 51.9 19.40 4.572 100

Tosylate Form B

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 7.02 12.58440.1 16.302 5.433 42.7 17.30 5.122 57.8 21.86 4.063 100

Naphthalenedisulfonic acid Form I

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 12.50 7.07618.3 13.86 6.385 18.6

Naphthalenedisulfonic acid Form II

Reflection position °2θ d spacing (Angstroms) Relative area 12.80 6.91060 22.42 3.962 76.2 24.92 3.570 100

Whether a pharmaceutical product contains a particular crystalline formof a substance, typically in a tablet or capsule, may be determined, forexample, using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and/or solid stateNMR techniques. For Example, the solid state ¹³C and ¹⁹F NMR spectra of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystalline Form A is set forth in FIGS. 19 and20, respectively. The procedure for obtaining the NMR spectra is setforth below.

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystalline Form A was analyzed using ¹³C and ¹⁹Fsolid-state NMR spectroscopy. Spectra were acquired using a BrukerAvance III NMR spectrometer operating at 500.13 MHz for ¹H, 125.77 MHzfor ¹³C, and 470.55 MHz for ¹⁹F. ¹³C experiments utilized a Bruker HXdouble resonance probe tuned for ¹H and ¹³C, with a 4 mm magic-anglespinning (MAS) module. ¹⁹F experiments employed a Bruker HFC tripleresonance probe tuned to ¹H, ¹⁹F, and ¹³C, also equipped with a 4 mm MASmodule. Samples were packed into 4 mm ZrO₂ rotors and sealed with Kel-Fdrive tips. All data were collected at 293 K. Data were collected,processed, and analyzed using Bruker TopSpin™ 3.2 software.

The pulse sequence for ¹³C acquisition employed ramped crosspolarization (CP),¹⁻³ 5-π total sideband suppression (TOSS),⁴ and highpower ¹H decoupling with a SPINAL64⁵ scheme and field strength of 90kHz. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was performed at 8000±3 Hz. The ¹H 90°pulse width was 2.79 μs and the TOSS sequence employed ¹³C 180° pulsesof 6.50 μs. The CP contact time was 3 ms, the recycle delay was 18 s,and a total of 3888 scans were averaged to generate the spectrum.Chemicals shifts were externally referenced by setting the methyl peakof 3-methylglutaric acid to 18.84 ppm relative to tetramethylsilane.⁶

The pulse sequence for ¹⁹F acquisition employed ramped CP¹⁻³ and highpower ¹H decoupling with a SPINAL64⁵ scheme and field strength of 71kHz. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was performed at 14000±5 Hz. The ¹H 90°pulse width was 3.54 μs, the CP contact time was 3 ms, the recycle delaywas 18 s, and a total of 16 scans were averaged to generate thespectrum. Chemicals shifts were externally referenced by setting thefluorine peak of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to −122.38 ppm relativeto CFCl₃ (determined experimentally by spiking CFCl₃ into a PTFEsample).

NMR REFERENCES

1. Pines, A.; Gibby, M. G.; Waugh, J. S., Proton-enhanced nuclearinduction spectroscopy. Method for high-resolution NMR of dilute spinsin solids. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 56 (4), 1776-7.

2. Stejskal, E. O.; Schaefer, J.; Waugh, J. S., Magic-angle spinning andpolarization transfer in proton-enhanced NMR. J. Magn. Reson.(1969-1992) 1977, 28 (1), 105-12.

3. Metz, G.; Wu, X.; Smith, S. O., Ramped-amplitude cross polarizationin magic-angle-spinning NMR. J. Magn. Reson. Ser. A 1994, 110 (2),219-27.

4. Song, Z.; Antzutkin, O. N.; Feng, X.; Levitt, M. H., Sidebandsuppression in magic-angle-spinning NMR by a sequence of 5 pi pulses.Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 1993, 2 (3), 143-6.

5. Fung, B. M.; Khitrin, A. K.; Ermolaev, K., An improved broadbanddecoupling sequence for liquid crystals and solids. J. Magn. Reson.2000, 142 (1), 97-101.

6. Barich, D. H.; Gorman, E. M.; Zell, M. T.; Munson, E. J.,3-Methylglutaric acid as a ¹³C solid-state NMR standard. Solid StateNucl. Magn. Reson. 2006, 30 (3-4), 125-129.

The ¹³C solid-state NMR spectrum of(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,benzenesulfonate salt crystalline Form A is characterized by strongpeaks at chemical shifts of 157.7±0.2 ppm, 129.6±0.2 ppm, 125.8±0.2 ppm,and 117.0±0.2 ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (at 293 K). The ¹⁹Fspectrum is characterized by two isotropic peaks at chemical shifts of−111.1±0.4 ppm and −115.4±0.4 ppm relative to CFCl₃ (at 293 K).

The crystalline besylate salt of VIII is a highly crystalline materialwith a melting point that is acceptable for pharmaceutical dosage formdevelopment. The besylate salt form is preferred over the tosylate and1,5-naphthalenesulfonic acid salt forms based on it's simple solid statelandscape (only one crystalline form identified). In addition, the lowerhygroscopicity of the besylate salt compared to the tosylate and1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid salt forms is highly desired. The freebase of VIII has a low pKa, less than 1.8, and therefore, any saltsidentified were expected to be unstable in the presence of water due todisproportionation to free base and acid. Therefore, thenon-hygroscopicity of the besylate salt was unexpected and led toenhanced stability compared to the tosylate and naphthalenesulfonic acidsalt forms.

In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a compound of the present invention or a salt orcrystalline form of the salt and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient, such as a carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. In certainembodiments, the composition is formulated for administration to apatient in need thereof.

The term “patient” or “individual” as used herein, refers to an animal,such as a mammal, such as a human. In one embodiment, patient orindividual refers to a human.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the compound orcomposition referred to is compatible chemically and/or toxicologicallywith the other ingredients (such as excipients) comprising a formulationand/or the patient being treated, particularly humans.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle”refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does notdestroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it isformulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehiclesthat may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but arenot limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin,serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such asphosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceridemixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts orelectrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate,potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidalsilica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-basedsubstances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers,polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

Compositions comprising a compound of the present invention may beadministered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,transdermally, rectally, nasally, buccally, sublingually, vaginally,intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intradermal, epidural or via animplanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includessubcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular,intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesionaland intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

In one embodiment, the composition comprising a compound of the presentinvention is formulated as a solid dosage form for oral administration.Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In certain embodiments, the solid oraldosage form comprising a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereoffurther comprises one or more of (i) an inert, pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient or carrier, such as sodium citrate or dicalciumphosphate, and (ii) filler or extender such as starches, lactose,sucrose, glucose, mannitol, or silicic acid, (iii) binders such ascarboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone,sucrose or acacia, (iv) humectants such as glycerol, (v) disintegratingagent such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginicacid, certain silicates or sodium carbonate, (vi) solution retardingagents such as paraffin, (vii) absorption accelerators such asquaternary ammonium salts, (viii) a wetting agent such as cetyl alcoholor glycerol monostearate, (ix) absorbent such as kaolin or bentoniteclay, and (x) lubricant such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesiumstearate, polyethylene glycols or sodium lauryl sulfate. In certainembodiments, the solid oral dosage form is formulated as capsules,tablets or pills. In certain embodiments, the solid oral dosage formfurther comprises buffering agents. In certain embodiments, suchcompositions for solid oral dosage forms may be formulated as fillers insoft and hard-filled gelatin capsules comprising one or more excipientssuch as lactose or milk sugar, polyethylene glycols and the like.

In certain embodiments, tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granulesof the compositions comprising a compound of formula I or salt thereofoptionally comprise coatings or shells such as enteric coatings. Theymay optionally comprise opacifying agents and can also be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner Examples of embedding compositions include polymericsubstances and waxes, which may also be employed as fillers in soft andhard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milksugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

In another embodiment, a composition comprises micro-encapsulatedcompound of the present invention, and optionally, further comprises oneor more excipients.

In another embodiment, compositions comprise liquid dosage formulationscomprising a compound of formula I or salt thereof for oraladministration and optionally further comprise one or more ofpharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In certain embodiments, the liquiddosage form optionally, further comprise one or more of an inert diluentsuch as water or other solvent, a solubilizing agent, and an emulsifiersuch as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethylacetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut,corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols or fatty acid esters ofsorbitan, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, liquid oralcompositions optionally further comprise one or more adjuvant, such as awetting agent, a suspending agent, a sweetening agent, a flavoring agentand a perfuming agent.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptablediluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Amongthe acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Inaddition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtrationthrough a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizingagents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolvedor dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium priorto use.

In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention,it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound fromsubcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by theuse of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material withpoor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound thendepends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend uponcrystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption ofa parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolvingor suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms aremade by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradablepolymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio ofcompound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed,the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of otherbiodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides).Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping thecompound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with bodytissues.

In certain embodiments, the composition for rectal or vaginaladministration are formulated as suppositories which can be prepared bymixing a compound of the present invention with suitable non-irritatingexcipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or asuppository wax, for example those which are solid at ambienttemperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in therectum or vaginal cavity and release the compound of the presentinvention.

Example dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of acompound of the present invention include ointments, pastes, creams,lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. Thecompound of the present invention is admixed under sterile conditionswith a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally preservativesor buffers. Additional formulation examples include an ophthalmicformulation, ear drops, eye drops or transdermal patches. Transdermaldosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound of thepresent invention in medium, for example ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide.Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of thecompound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providinga rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymermatrix or gel.

Nasal aerosol or inhalation formulations of a compound of the presentinvention may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizingor dispersing agents.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may be administeredwith or without food. In certain embodiments, pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions are administered without food. In certainembodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this inventionare administered with food.

Specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient willdepend upon a variety of factors, including age, body weight, generalhealth, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drugcombination, the judgment of the treating physician, and the severity ofthe particular disease being treated. The amount of a provided compoundof the present invention in the composition will also depend upon theparticular compound in the composition.

In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compoundof the invention administered parenterally per dose will be in the rangeof about 0.01-100 mg/kg, alternatively about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patientbody weight per day, with the typical initial range of compound usedbeing 0.3 to 15 mg/kg/day. In another embodiment, oral unit dosageforms, such as tablets and capsules, contain from about 5 to about 100mg of the compound of the invention.

An example tablet oral dosage form comprises about 2 mg, 5 mg, 25 mg, 50mg, 100 mg, 250 mg or 500 mg of a compound of formula (I) or saltthereof, and further comprises about 5-30 mg anhydrous lactose, about5-40 mg sodium croscarmellose, about 5-30 mg polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)K30 and about 1-10 mg magnesium stearate. The process of formulating thetablet comprises mixing the powdered ingredients together and furthermixing with a solution of the PVP. The resulting composition can bedried, granulated, mixed with the magnesium stearate and compressed totablet form using conventional equipment. An example of an aerosolformulation can be prepared by dissolving about 2-500 mg of a compoundof formula I or salt thereof, in a suitable buffer solution, e.g. aphosphate buffer, and adding a tonicifier, e.g. a salt such sodiumchloride, if desired. The solution may be filtered, e.g. using a 0.2micron filter, to remove impurities and contaminants.

The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the followingclaims, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means forperforming the disclosed function, or a method or process for attainingthe disclosed result, as appropriate, may, separately, or in anycombination of such features, be utilized for realizing the invention indiverse forms thereof.

The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way ofillustration and examples, for purposes of clarity and understanding. Itwill be obvious to one of skill in the art that changes andmodifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.Therefore, it is to be understood that the above description is intendedto be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined not with reference to the abovedescription, but should instead be determined with reference to thefollowing appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled.

The patents, published applications, and scientific literature referredto herein establish the knowledge of those skilled in the art and arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent asif each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporatedby reference. Any conflict between any reference cited herein and thespecific teachings of this specifications shall be resolved in favor ofthe latter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definitionof a word or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase asspecifically taught in this specification shall be resolved in favor ofthe latter.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for the preparation of a compound offormula VIII, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene with a metallating agentin an aprotic organic solvent to afford an organomagnesium compound,which is reacted with 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide to afford2-chloro-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethanone (II);

(b) contacting II with sodium formate and formic acid in aqueous ethanolto afford 1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethanone (III)

(c) contacting III with a ketoreductase to afford(R)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol (IV);

(d) contacting IV with a silyl chloride (R_(a))₃SiCl and at least onebase in a non-polar aprotic solvent to afford (V), and subsequentlyadding sulfonylchloride R^(b)S(O)₂Cl to afford VI, wherein R^(a) isindependently in each occurrence C₁₋₆ alkyl or phenyl and R^(b) isselected from C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3groups independently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, orC₁₋₃ alkoxy;

(e) contacting 4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one(VII) with a strong base in an organic solvent and subsequently addingVI to afford XI;

(f) treating XI with an oxidizing agent to afford I;

(g) treating 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine with a strong base in anaprotic solvent at reduced temperature and adding the compound offormula I to afford IX; and,

(h) contacting IX with a de-silylating agent to afford VIII.
 2. Theprocess according to claim 1 wherein the ketoreductase in step (c)affords an enantiomeric excess at least about 98%.
 3. The process ofclaim 2 wherein the ketoreductase in step (c) is KRED-NADH-112.
 4. Theprocess of claim 2 wherein step (c) further comprises NADH or NADPH as acofactor.
 5. The process of claim 4 wherein the cofactor is regeneratedwith a cosubstrate selected from a secondary alcohol or from anadditional enzyme selected from alcohol dehydrogenase, glucosedehydrogenase, formatted dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, phosphite dehydrogenase or hydrogenase.
 6. The process ofclaim 2 wherein the ketoreductase step is performed in an aqueous mediumin the presence of organic cosolvent at a temperature between 1 and 50°C.
 7. The process of claim 6 wherein the ketoreductase step produces ahomogeneous suspension.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the silylchloride is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, the sulfonyl chloride ismethanesulfonyl chloride, the bases in step (d) are DMAP and TEA and thenon-polar aprotic solvent is DCM and in step (e) the organic solvent isdioxane.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein (R^(a))₃Si istert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, and in step (e) the strongbase is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and the organic solvent isdiglyme.
 10. The process of claim 1 wherein in step (a) the metallatingagent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl and the solvent is THF, in step (c) theketoreductase is KRED-NADH-112 and step (c) further comprises thecofactor NAD and the cofactor recycling agent glucose dehydrogenase, instep (d) (R^(a))₃Si is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, thebases are DMAP and TEA and the non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM, and instep (e) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and theorganic solvent is diglyme.
 11. The process of claim 1 wherein in step(a) the metallating agent is i-PrMgCl and LiCl and the solvent is THF,in step (c) the ketoreductase is KRED-NADH-112 and step (c) furthercomprises the cofactor NAD and the cofactor recycling agent is glucosedehydrogenase, in step (d) (R^(a))₃Si is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b)is methyl, the bases are DMAP and TEA and the non-polar aprotic solventis DCM, in step (e) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazaneand the organic solvent is diglyme, and in step (g) the strong base ispotassium hexamethyldisilazane and the aprotic solvent is THF.
 12. Theprocess of claim 1 wherein in step (a) the metallating agent is i-PrMgCland LiCl and the solvent is THF, in step (c) the ketoreductase isKRED-NADH-112 and step (c) further comprises the cofactor NAD andcofactor recycling agent is glucose dehydrogenase, in step (d)(R^(a))₃Si is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, R^(b) is methyl, the bases areDMAP and TEA and the non-polar aprotic solvent is DCM, in step (e) thestrong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazane and the organic solvent isdiglyme, in step (g) the strong base is potassium hexamethyldisilazaneand the aprotic solvent is THF, and in step (h) the desilylating agentis methanolic HCl.
 13. The process according to claim 1 wherein thecompound VIII from step h is contacted with a sulfonic acid in anorganic solvent and water to afford a salt of VIIIa where R^(c) is anaryl sulfonic acid


14. A process according to claim 13 wherein R^(c)SO₃H is benzenesulfonicacid and the solvent is methyl ethyl ketone and water to afford thebesylate salt VIIIb.